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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ctr</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cultivos Tropicales</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">cultrop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0258-5936</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1819-4087</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones INCA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2050/v45n2e09</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Influencia compleja del relieve en la erosión de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos a escala local</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9360-1117</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Febles González</surname>
						<given-names>José Manuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2776-8779</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Febles Díaz</surname>
						<given-names>José Miguel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1880-8951</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Maura Santiago</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Victoria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7420-3340</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tolón Becerra</surname>
						<given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5053-7338</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brasil do Amaral Sobrinho</surname>
						<given-names>Nelson Moura</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8106-0504</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zonta</surname>
						<given-names>Everaldo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, calle 16, No. 114, entre 1ra y 3ra, Miramar, La Habana, Cuba. CP 11300</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de La Habana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Investigaciones Marinas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de La Habana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Miramar</city>
					<state>La Habana</state>
					<postal-code>11300</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Contabilidad y Finanzas. Universidad de La Habana, calle San Lázaro y L., Municipio Plaza de la Revolución, La Habana, Cuba. CP 10400</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de La Habana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Contabilidad y Finanzas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de La Habana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Municipio Plaza de la Revolución</city>
					<state>La Habana</state>
					<postal-code>10400</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Almería, carretera Sacramento, s/n 04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, España. CP 04120 </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Almería</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Almería</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Almería</state>
					<postal-code>04120</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Federal Rural de Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. CP 23890-000</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Federal Rural de Rio de Janeiro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Rio de Janeiro</state>
					<postal-code>23890-000</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor para correspondencia: <email>jmfebles@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn1">
					<p><bold>Conflicto de intereses</bold>: Los autores declaran no tener conflicto de intereses</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn2">
					<p><bold>Contribución de los autores: Desarrollo de la investigación en campo, análisis estadístico, interpretación, estructura y diseño del manuscrito</bold>- José M: Febles González. <bold>Interpretación, análisis estadístico y corrección del manuscrito</bold>- José Miguel Febles Díaz. <bold>Toma y procesamiento de datos de campo</bold>- Ana Maura Santiago. <bold>Análisis de los resultados obtenidos</bold>- Alfredo Tolón Becerra; Nelson M. B. do Amaral Sobrinho; Everaldo Zonta.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>45</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e09</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>Estudiar el relieve a través del análisis morfológico permite tipificar formas, elementos y estructuras del relieve kárstico que auxilian en el entendimiento de la génesis, evolución y dinámica que asume la erosión de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos, circunstancia particularmente importante en la Llanura Kárstica Meridional Habana - Matanzas, para comprender cómo y porqué cierta información es preservada y otra se pierde conforme la investigación se ejecuta de una escala a otra, lo que ha propiciado ciertos mitos e incertidumbres sobre los procesos de degradación de estos suelos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia compleja del relieve y la escala geográfica en la comprensión de los procesos kárstico - erosivos en las áreas de influencia de las depresiones kársticas, a partir de una línea base de más de tres décadas, que demuestra el avance unidireccional de la dinámica kárstico - erosiva, en conformidad con las condiciones de uso y manejo a que han estado sometidos. Se concluye que el reconocimiento y evolución espacio - temporal de las formas de erosión solo es posible realizarla a escala local y no a partir de un re-escalamiento simple de las variables a grandes áreas, para así evitar diferentes interpretaciones en los mapas de erosión de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos en Cuba.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>degradación</kwd>
				<kwd>karst</kwd>
				<kwd>relieve</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="30"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Estudios de suelos realizados en la Llanura Sur de La Habana han demostrado que en la variabilidad de la cobertura ferralítica influye, fundamentalmente, el relieve y la permeabilidad del material sustentador; si estos dos factores son evaluados a una escala más grande se constata que el desarrollo de formas kársticas (dolinas, uvalas, poljes, etc.) y sus consecuencias sobre el microrelieve crean condiciones propicias para la manifestación diferenciada de procesos erosivos estrechamente relacionados con las variaciones del micro relieve (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>).</p>
			<p>En este contexto, la escala desempeña un concepto integrador ampliamente utilizado en diversas disciplinas para referirse a las cualidades y extensión geográfica de los objetos de estudio, así como para precisar algunos principios metodológicos de la investigación científica en relación con los métodos de muestreo e inferencia, de los cuales se derivan las propiedades de los objetos geográficos que emergen o se visualizan de forma diferente de acuerdo con el nivel en que se defina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>). </p>
			<p>Circunstancia particularmente importante en la Llanura Kárstica Meridional Habana - Matanzas para reconocer las modalidades específicas de la erosión de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos y determinar cómo y porqué cierta información es preservada y otra se pierde conforme la investigación se ejecuta de una escala a otra, lo que ha propiciado ciertos mitos e incertidumbres sobre los procesos de degradación de estos suelos, a los que el MINAG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>); CIGEA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>); Instituto de Suelos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) e IGT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>), continúan clasificándolos como &quot;no erosionados&quot;, por la generalización conceptual que imponen las escalas de representación, donde no es posible manejar el concepto de extensión que proporciona el objeto, situación sobre la cual resulta imperativo recapacitar dado el incuestionable valor edafológico - patrimonial de estos suelos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>).</p>
			<p>Reflexionando sobre estas consideraciones y, tomando como referencia investigaciones y artículos publicados que revelan los efectos de la morfogénesis kárstica en los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos en el occidente de Cuba, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia compleja del relieve y la escala geográfica en la comprensión de los procesos kárstico - erosivos en las áreas de influencia de las depresiones kársticas, a partir de una línea base de más de tres décadas, que demuestra el avance unidireccional de la dinámica kárstico - erosiva, en conformidad con las condiciones de uso y manejo a que han estado sometidos los suelos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Descripción de las áreas investigadas</title>
				<p>La investigación se desarrolló en el polje de San José de Las Lajas provincia Mayabeque, específicamente, en la localidad de referencia Rosafé Signet con una extensión de 107 ha (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), donde la dinámica kárstico - erosiva muestra diferentes grados de desarrollo en conformidad con las condiciones de uso y manejo a que han estado sometidos los suelos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Transectos y sitios de muestreo en la localidad «Rosafé Signet» del polje de San José de Las Lajas, provincia Mayabeque</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1819-4087-ctr-45-02-e09-gf1.svg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Este agroecosistema ha sido clasificado como uno de los más húmedos de las llanuras de Cuba, recibe alrededor del 76 - 80 % de las precipitaciones que ocurren en las provincias Mayabeque y Artemisa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>). Los suelos más difundidos son, predominantemente, del Tipo Ferralítico Rojo Lixiviado, que se puede correlacionar con el Nitisol ródico éutrico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>) y al orden Oxisol de la Soil Taxonomy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>), donde las diferencias están dadas por el tipo de utilización de la tierra y la distribución de los horizontes.</p>
				<p>La metodología estuvo sustentada en la aplicación del Sistema Integrador de Métodos Cualitativos y Cuantitativos para las regiones kársticas propuesto por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>), caracterizándose las depresiones kársticas y sus regímenes de inundación, así como cuatro perfiles principales en los suelos a profundidades de 0-20 cm, así como al nivel de los horizontes de diagnóstico erosivo A+B<sub>0-50</sub> cm en correspondencia con las variaciones geólogo - geomorfológicas y uso agrícola (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). </p>
				<p>El análisis morfométrico de las formas de absorción kársticas (dolinas) se realizó a escala 1: 5 000 y constituyó el índice diagnóstico fundamental para evaluar las manifestaciones e intensidad de la karstificación (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>). Es de destacar que, en el año 1966, fecha en que fue creado el Centro de Inseminación Artificial «Rosafé Signet», no existía ninguna depresión kárstica en sus áreas de producción agrícola.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Fórmulas utilizadas para el cálculo de los parámetros morfométricos</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Índice de circularidad</th>
									<th align="center">Índice de aplanamiento</th>
									<th align="center">Relación de diámetro</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">
										<mml:math>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
												<mml:mfrac>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:mfrac>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:math>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<mml:math>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
												<mml:mfrac>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
														<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
														<mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:mfrac>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:math>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<mml:math>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
												<mml:mfrac bevelled="true">
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
													<mml:mrow>
														<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
														<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
													</mml:mrow>
												</mml:mfrac>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:math>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Donde: <break/>Dm = diámetro mayor <break/>dm = diámetro menor</td>
									<td align="left"> DM= diámetro medio <break/>h = diferencia de altura (superficie - fondo)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Con las depresiones kársticas identificadas, se reconocieron las cotas máximas (escarpas) y las cotas mínimas (fondos) de cada depresión. Una vez marcados los fondos y las escarpas de las depresiones, se convirtieron a polígonos y, posteriormente, se le asignó un ID a cada escarpa, de manera de conservar sus campos de altura dentro de sus atributos, de acuerdo con la propuesta de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los valores de pérdidas de suelos en unidades de masa (t ha<sup>-1</sup>año<sup>-1</sup>), correspondientes a los períodos 1986 al 2019, fueron convertidos en unidades de longitud (mm año<sup>-1</sup>), de acuerdo a la propuesta de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>). La interpretación de los límites de tolerancia de pérdidas considerados, fueron los propuestos por el modelo USLE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>) que proporcionaron criterios de medición y cambios en el sistema, a partir de una línea base durante el período t0:<sub>1986 - 1996</sub> y posterior monitoreo en el intervalo t1:<sub>1996 - 2019</sub>.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis histórico - evolutivo de la morfogénesis en las depresiones kársticas</title>
				<p>Estudiar el relieve en localidades de referencia de larga data permite tipificar formas, elementos y estructuras de las depresiones kársticas en su evolución dinámica, especialmente, cuando las investigaciones realizadas en Cuba han subestimado las modalidades específicas que asume la erosión de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos en estos enclaves, que evidencian fenómenos no susceptibles de ser cartografiados o prácticamente ausentes a escalas de mayor magnitud.</p>
				<p>No obstante, durante cada lluvia intensa las aguas pluviales y de riego superficial portadoras, casi siempre, de cierto contenido de anhídrido carbónico en disolución, cuando escurren por los diferentes elementos del meso y microrelieve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), lo hacen de forma difusa, dirigida básicamente hacia las depresiones kársticas como consecuencia de la concavidad manifiesta de las vertientes, así como del acusado desmembramiento horizontal del territorio, donde las formas de absorción y sus elementos componentes ganan secuencialmente en magnitud, ejerciendo de manera gradual un mayor control sobre el escurrimiento superficial.</p>
				<p>En efecto, el sostenido incremento de las dimensiones morfométricas de las dolinas a partir de la línea base t0:<sub>1986-1996</sub> y posterior monitoreo durante el período t1:<sub>1996-2019</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>), confirman que se desarrolla un proceso o modalidad erosiva inherente a los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos, cuyas manifestaciones más evidentes resulta la amplitud de sus dimensiones promedio a expensas de la reducción de los espacios interfluviales (t0:<sub>1986-1996:</sub> 27,80% y t1:<sub>1996-2019</sub>: 30,77% de la superficie agrícola total), como el surgimiento de otras formas de absorción detectadas en varias etapas de exploración, lo que demuestra el avance irreversible de la karstificación en su evolución unidireccional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Volumen de pérdidas de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos con los valores de equivalencia de remoción superficial en las depresiones kársticas y sus áreas de influencia. Localidad «Rosafé Signet», provincia Mayabeque</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="8"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="3"> Dolina No.</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="8">Línea base/Monitoreo t0:<sub>1986-1996</sub>/t1:<sub>1996-2019</sub></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Línea base t0:<sub>1986-1996</sub></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Monitoreo t1:<sub>1996-2019</sub></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Área </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">IC </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">IA </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">RD </th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Volumen (t ha<sup>-1</sup> año<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Superficial (mm año<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Volumen (t ha<sup>-1</sup> año<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Superficial (mm año<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">(ha) </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="6">(m<sup>2</sup>) </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>	
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="13">
										<p>
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>LOCALIDAD «ROSAFÉ SIGNET»</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>1</bold></td>
									<td align="left">1,90</td>
									<td align="left">2,26</td>
									<td align="left">1,70</td>
									<td align="left">1,72</td>
									<td align="left">8,65</td>
									<td align="left">8,57</td>
									<td align="left">6,50</td>
									<td align="left">5,66</td>
									<td align="left">16,89 A</td>
									<td align="left">1,24 A</td>
									<td align="left">17,87 A</td>
									<td align="left">1,30 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>2</bold></td>
									<td align="left">1,13</td>
									<td align="left">1,33</td>
									<td align="left">1,74</td>
									<td align="left">1,47</td>
									<td align="left">8,51</td>
									<td align="left">6,12</td>
									<td align="left">9,01</td>
									<td align="left">6,96</td>
									<td align="left">17,27 A</td>
									<td align="left">1,29 A</td>
									<td align="left">20,16 A</td>
									<td align="left">1,46 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>3</bold></td>
									<td align="left">3,53</td>
									<td align="left">3,91</td>
									<td align="left">1,52</td>
									<td align="left">1,36</td>
									<td align="left">5,65</td>
									<td align="left">5,40</td>
									<td align="left">14,84</td>
									<td align="left">9,82</td>
									<td align="left">21,74 MA</td>
									<td align="left">1,59 MA</td>
									<td align="left">23,63 MA</td>
									<td align="left">1,74 MA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>4</bold></td>
									<td align="left">1,90</td>
									<td align="left">2,30</td>
									<td align="left">1,73</td>
									<td align="left">1,55</td>
									<td align="left">14,08</td>
									<td align="left">9,86</td>
									<td align="left">9,19</td>
									<td align="left">6,87</td>
									<td align="left">14,55 A</td>
									<td align="left">1,06 A</td>
									<td align="left">14,65 A</td>
									<td align="left">1,09 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>5</bold></td>
									<td align="left">2,91</td>
									<td align="left">3,44</td>
									<td align="left">1,37</td>
									<td align="left">1,13</td>
									<td align="left">11,74</td>
									<td align="left">8,89</td>
									<td align="left">30,90</td>
									<td align="left">22,17</td>
									<td align="left">9,18 T</td>
									<td align="left">0,67 T</td>
									<td align="left">11,99 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,88 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>6</bold></td>
									<td align="left">1,37</td>
									<td align="left">1,74</td>
									<td align="left">1,54</td>
									<td align="left">1,33</td>
									<td align="left">13,07</td>
									<td align="left">11,80</td>
									<td align="left">14,07</td>
									<td align="left">10,61</td>
									<td align="left">9,56 T</td>
									<td align="left">0,70 T</td>
									<td align="left">10,72 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,79 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>7</bold></td>
									<td align="left">2,28</td>
									<td align="left">2,73</td>
									<td align="left">1,29</td>
									<td align="left">1,04</td>
									<td align="left">7,39</td>
									<td align="left">7,82</td>
									<td align="left">105,5</td>
									<td align="left">76,51</td>
									<td align="left">13,91 A</td>
									<td align="left">1,02 A</td>
									<td align="left">12,43 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,89 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>8</bold></td>
									<td align="left">2,45</td>
									<td align="left">2,80</td>
									<td align="left">1,74</td>
									<td align="left">1,56</td>
									<td align="left">13,41</td>
									<td align="left">11,17</td>
									<td align="left">9,11</td>
									<td align="left">6,82</td>
									<td align="left">11,03 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,80 A</td>
									<td align="left">12,69 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,93 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>9</bold></td>
									<td align="left">1,30</td>
									<td align="left">1,57</td>
									<td align="left">1,33</td>
									<td align="left">1,12</td>
									<td align="left">13,52</td>
									<td align="left">10,18</td>
									<td align="left">46,93</td>
									<td align="left">28,20</td>
									<td align="left">9,58 T</td>
									<td align="left">0,70 T</td>
									<td align="left">10,87 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,80 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>10</bold></td>
									<td align="left">1,50</td>
									<td align="left">1,96</td>
									<td align="left">1,38</td>
									<td align="left">1,28</td>
									<td align="left">9,67</td>
									<td align="left">9,66</td>
									<td align="left">29,66</td>
									<td align="left">21,23</td>
									<td align="left">11,12 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,81 A</td>
									<td align="left">12,55 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,91 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>11</bold></td>
									<td align="left">3,08</td>
									<td align="left">3,53</td>
									<td align="left">1,98</td>
									<td align="left">1,85</td>
									<td align="left">9,66</td>
									<td align="left">8,96</td>
									<td align="left">6,71</td>
									<td align="left">5,17</td>
									<td align="left">18,15 MA</td>
									<td align="left">1,33ª</td>
									<td align="left">19,70 MA</td>
									<td align="left">1,43 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>12</bold></td>
									<td align="left">1,43</td>
									<td align="left">2,23</td>
									<td align="left">1,34</td>
									<td align="left">1,15</td>
									<td align="left">7,91</td>
									<td align="left">8,20</td>
									<td align="left">66,00</td>
									<td align="left">32,08</td>
									<td align="left">13,06 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,95 A</td>
									<td align="left">14,75 A</td>
									<td align="left">1,12 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>13</bold></td>
									<td align="left">1,27</td>
									<td align="left">1,51</td>
									<td align="left">1,83</td>
									<td align="left">1,66</td>
									<td align="left">8,99</td>
									<td align="left">8,19</td>
									<td align="left">8,00</td>
									<td align="left">6,03</td>
									<td align="left">17,39 A</td>
									<td align="left">1,27 A</td>
									<td align="left">18,91 A</td>
									<td align="left">1,39 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>14</bold></td>
									<td align="left">1,88</td>
									<td align="left">2,19</td>
									<td align="left">1,66</td>
									<td align="left">1,18</td>
									<td align="left">10,26</td>
									<td align="left">8,58</td>
									<td align="left">22,70</td>
									<td align="left">17,92</td>
									<td align="left">10,95 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,80 T</td>
									<td align="left">13,52 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,99 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Media</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>1,99</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>2,39</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>1,58</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>1,38</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>10,18</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>8,49</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>27,08</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>17,26</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>12, 89 A</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>0,97 A</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="13">
										<p>
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>DOLINAS DETECTADAS DURANTE EL MONITOREO DEL AÑO 1996 </p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>15</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> ---- </td>
									<td align="left">0,89</td>
									<td align="left"> ---- </td>
									<td align="left">1,26</td>
									<td align="left">----</td>
									<td align="left">8,53</td>
									<td align="left">----</td>
									<td align="left">12,88</td>
									<td align="left">------ </td>
									<td align="left">0,49 T</td>
									<td align="left">14,53 A</td>
									<td align="left">1,39 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>16</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> ---- </td>
									<td align="left">0,93</td>
									<td align="left"> ---- </td>
									<td align="left">1,52</td>
									<td align="left">----</td>
									<td align="left">3,87</td>
									<td align="left">----</td>
									<td align="left">7,17</td>
									<td align="left">------ </td>
									<td align="left">0,76 T</td>
									<td align="left">15,55 A</td>
									<td align="left">1.97 MA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Media</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>----</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>0,91</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>----</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>1,39</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>----</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>6,2</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>---</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>10,02</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> ------ </td>
									<td align="left"> ----</td>
									<td align="left"><bold>15,28 A</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>1,19 A</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="13">
										<p>
											<list list-type="bullet">
												<list-item>
													<p>DOLINAS DETECTADAS DURANTE EL MONITOREO DEL AÑO 2019 </p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>17</bold></td>
									<td align="left">---- </td>
									<td align="left">0,65</td>
									<td align="left">---- </td>
									<td align="left">1,70</td>
									<td align="left">---</td>
									<td align="left">8,17</td>
									<td align="left">---</td>
									<td align="left">5,45</td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">-------------- </td>
									<td align="left">8,23 T</td>
									<td align="left">0,38 T</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>18</bold></td>
									<td align="left">---- </td>
									<td align="left">0,90</td>
									<td align="left">---- </td>
									<td align="left">1,49</td>
									<td align="left">---</td>
									<td align="left">7,23</td>
									<td align="left">---</td>
									<td align="left">8,01</td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">-------------- </td>
									<td align="left">9,05 T</td>
									<td align="left">0,41 T</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>19</bold></td>
									<td align="left">---- </td>
									<td align="left">0,54</td>
									<td align="left">---- </td>
									<td align="left">1,33</td>
									<td align="left">---</td>
									<td align="left">9,48</td>
									<td align="left">---</td>
									<td align="left">15,67</td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">-------------- </td>
									<td align="left">10,69 A</td>
									<td align="left">0,63 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>20</bold></td>
									<td align="left">---- </td>
									<td align="left">0,64</td>
									<td align="left">---- </td>
									<td align="left">1,29</td>
									<td align="left">---</td>
									<td align="left">7,66</td>
									<td align="left">---</td>
									<td align="left">9,28</td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">-------------- </td>
									<td align="left">8,97 T</td>
									<td align="left">0,46 T</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>21</bold></td>
									<td align="left">---- </td>
									<td align="left">0,45</td>
									<td align="left">---- </td>
									<td align="left">1,44</td>
									<td align="left">---</td>
									<td align="left">6,65</td>
									<td align="left">---</td>
									<td align="left">7,73</td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">-------------- </td>
									<td align="left">9,45 T</td>
									<td align="left">0,74 T</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Media</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> ---- </td>
									<td align="left"><bold>0,64</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> 
 </td>
									<td align="left"><bold>1,45</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>----</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>7,84</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"><bold>9,23</bold></td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2"> --------------</td>
									<td align="left"><bold>9,28 T</bold></td>
									<td align="left"><bold>0,52 T</bold></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>L.B. (Línea base t0:<sub>1986- 1996</sub>); M (Monitoreo t1:<sub>1996- 2019</sub>). A: Alto; MA: Muy alto y T: Tolerable</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Complementariamente, la evolución secuencial de los parámetros morfométricos conlleva a incrementos en los volúmenes de pérdidas de suelos, principalmente, en las vertientes del tipo colectoras de lavado con valores de pendientes entre 5 y 8% que facilitan el escurrimiento areal a través de las formas de absorción epigeas, fundamentalmente, dolinas y uvalas que tienden a adquirir formas elipsoides o ameboideas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>), donde las magnitudes de pérdidas de suelos superan los valores umbrales de tolerancia de 12,5 t ha<sup>-1</sup> año<sup>-1</sup>, que es el máximo aceptable propuesto por la USLE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>). A tenor con ello, en el período t0<sub>(1986-1996)</sub> el 51,14 % de las dolinas excedían este valor límite, el cual fue incrementándose durante t1<sub>(1996-2019)</sub> hasta alcanzar el 87,5 % de las mismas, en regiones similares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>). </p>
				<p>En contraste, en algunos casos la cobertura de suelos ferralítica puede modelar por acúmulo estas depresiones con una arcilla de color rojo, llamada &quot;<italic>terrarossa</italic>&quot;, que enmascara de cierto modo el mecanismo de acción relacionado, lo cual ha provocado, en gran medida, la subvaloración de este complejo proceso, que solo es posible advertir <italic>in situ</italic> y cartográficamente cuando es representado a escala local, pues como se sabe, cada investigación se realiza a una determinada escala y sus resultados no pueden ser valorados sin considerar la escala de análisis adoptada.</p>
				<p>Todo ello confirma la trascendencia de los estudios de amplia duración en los ecosistemas kársticos, ya que las transformaciones de las formas del relieve son complejas y no pueden valorarse completamente a corto plazo, lo que ha generado conclusiones erróneas y predicciones imprecisas en la toma de decisiones para el manejo de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>).</p>
				<p>En ocasiones, esta fase de madurez de la morfogénesis kárstica ha resultado favorable para la ampliación parcial de algunas dolinas bajo un proceso de captura o piratería fluvial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>), en la que la depresión más favorecida, ya sea por la forma de las pendientes en sus contornos o amplitud de su microcuenca, logra ensancharse por la erosión regresiva o remontante de su cabecera a expensas de la menos favorecida, pudiendo originar una uvala.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Captura fluvial en el sector occidental de la localidad «Rosafé Signet», provincia Mayabeque, Cuba</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1819-4087-ctr-45-02-e09-gf2.svg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Este avance en la karstificación intensifica las condiciones de hidromorfismo y disolución de los materiales subyacentes con un desigual filtraje temporal y con una fuerte porosidad efectiva (entre 5 y 15 %), que se demuestra morfométricamente por el descenso en profundidad (hasta 5,34 m) y aumento en la karstificación, como ha ocurrido con las dolinas No. 2 y 3 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>), donde esta última, con una microcuenca de mayor capacidad de recepción decapita o despoja la cabecera de escurrimiento de la dolina No.2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Tendencia de unión de dos dolinas para originar una uvala en la localidad «Rosafé Signet», provincia Mayabeque, Cuba</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1819-4087-ctr-45-02-e09-gf3.svg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Dinámica similar es de prever con las dolinas 10 y 11 en un escenario futuro generando diferentes asociaciones o fenómenos de miniaturización en el propio complejo territorial a nivel de micro y nano relieve, induciendo la “dolinización” (con marcada tendencia hacia el endorreísmo), por efecto de las prácticas de manejo, cambios en el uso de la cobertura edáfica, eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos asociados al cambio climático, etc., pudiendo alcanzar el proceso kárstico su fase paroxismal con una reducción sustancial del fondo de tierra útil del agroecosistema, lo que coincide con los resultados obtenidos por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>) en regiones similares.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Evolución de la dolina No.3 de fondo plano o irregular a uvala, a expensas de la microcuenca de la dolina No.2, Polje de San José de Las Lajas, provincia Mayabeque, Cuba</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1819-4087-ctr-45-02-e09-gf4.svg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>No obstante, esta morfodinámica puede estar modificada por las peculiaridades que caracterizan el desarrollo y mantenimiento de las pendientes (declive, longitud y forma), la regularidad estructuro - litológica, así como por las líneas del drenaje difuso que muestran los sectores que descienden hacia las formas de absorción kársticas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>), con afloramientos de calizas subangulares fragmentadas y orientadas en dirección a dichas depresiones, donde la vegetación hidrófila se ubica a niveles por debajo de los 50 m en los fondos de las dolinas, etc., que constituyen, a simple vista, rasgos de un proceso degradativo en pleno desarrollo, que a nivel de microrelieve pueden adoptar modalidades propias, influyendo en las pérdidas de los suelos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>).</p>
				<p>Es necesario indicar que, la relación entre área de las dolinas y los parámetros morfométricos no constituye una condición <italic>sine qua non</italic> para el análisis de las pérdidas de suelos, ya que dicha relación es muy dependiente del grado de irregularidad de los contornos de las formas de absorción y condiciones de uso de la cobertura edáfica, en un mismo espacio a lo largo del tiempo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>La escala geográfica como concepto integrador en la comprensión de los procesos kárstico - erosivos</title>
				<p>Teniendo en consideración estos aspectos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>), se precisa la necesidad de incorporar la escala local como un nivel de resolución asociado a un área específica y físicamente delimitable para diferenciar a nivel de meso, micro y nanorelieve el conjunto de procesos que contemporáneamente participan en la formación o degradación de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos y entender cómo las manifestaciones de la erosión hídrica y kárstico - erosivas se generan o expresan de forma diferente conforme se mueve de una escala a otra (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>) modificado, contribuyendo así a una mejor comprensión de la dinámica espacio - temporal que tiene lugar en las depresiones y sus áreas de influencia, ya que estas zonas se caracterizan por ser parte de un todo que la contiene y es mucho más amplia.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>La percepción cartográfica de la dolina y área de influencia depende de su superficie</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1819-4087-ctr-45-02-e09-gf5.svg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Es importante tener en cuenta que esto sugiere problemas en el nivel de análisis o síntesis, puesto que están limitados o sesgados por la escala cartográfica que representa el fenómeno, de esta forma, se niega la posibilidad de percibir lo que pasa a escalas superiores o inferiores, afectando significativamente el análisis y explicación del fenómeno kárstico - erosivo.</p>
				<p>En este sentido, las autoridades del centro «Rosafé Signet», conscientes del progresivo avance de las depresiones kársticas y, en un intento de recuperar el fondo de tierra destinado al cultivo de pastos para forrajes, vertieron en la dolina No. 3 en el año 2003 un total de 20 camiones con capacidad entre 5 - 7 t, que representó un volumen de más de 100 t (E. Lamoroux, <italic>comun. pers</italic>.). Es de significar que en la fase ejecutiva de la investigación pudo constatarse que la dolina no se rellenó, y que el proceso de disolución a través del ponor continúa. Por tanto, esta práctica no fue nada efectiva desde el punto de vista ambiental, por obstruir las vías de drenaje por las cuales tiene lugar el escurrimiento (ponores funcionales). Tampoco fue efectiva desde el punto de vista económico.</p>
				<p>Sin embargo, la presencia de dolinas, a menudo, no es considerada un problema para la prevención de pérdidas de suelos y otros desastres naturales, ya que estas formas suelen ser relegadas en términos de riesgos geológicos, aun cuando su entorno de influencia esté próximo a núcleos urbanos, zonas agrícolas o industriales, que pueden alterar las condiciones iniciales del balance pedogénesis - morfogénesis, donde la preservación del paisaje kárstico debe resultar prioritaria, de ahí la importancia de la escala para explicar correctamente estos fenómenos geográficos.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>El reconocimiento y evolución espacio - temporal de las formas de erosión hídrica y kárstico - erosivas en las áreas de influencia de las depresiones kársticas, solo es posible realizarlo a escala local y no a partir de un re-escalamiento simple de las variables a grandes áreas, para así evitar diferentes interpretaciones en los mapas de erosión de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos en Cuba.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Cualquiera sea el concepto adoptado, la relatividad en la visión de un mismo hecho, desde distintas escalas, constituye una opción sumamente enriquecedora para definitivamente demostrar la erosión de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos en las regiones kársticas.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Complex influence of relief on the erosion of Red Ferrallitic soils at a local scale</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9360-1117</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Febles González</surname>
						<given-names>José Manuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2776-8779</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Febles Díaz</surname>
						<given-names>José Miguel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1880-8951</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Maura Santiago</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Victoria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7420-3340</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tolón Becerra</surname>
						<given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5053-7338</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brasil do Amaral Sobrinho</surname>
						<given-names>Nelson Moura</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8106-0504</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zonta</surname>
						<given-names>Everaldo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, calle 16, No. 114, entre 1ra y 3ra, Miramar, La Habana, Cuba. CP 11300</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de La Habana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Investigaciones Marinas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de La Habana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Miramar</city>
					<state>La Habana</state>
					<postal-code>11300</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Contabilidad y Finanzas. Universidad de La Habana, calle San Lázaro y L., Municipio Plaza de la Revolución, La Habana, Cuba. CP 10400</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de La Habana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Contabilidad y Finanzas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de La Habana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Municipio Plaza de la Revolución</city>
					<state>La Habana</state>
					<postal-code>10400</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Almería, carretera Sacramento, s/n 04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, España. CP 04120 </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Almería</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Almería</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Almería</state>
					<postal-code>04120</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Federal Rural de Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. CP 23890-000</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Federal Rural de Rio de Janeiro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Rio de Janeiro</state>
					<postal-code>23890-000</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Author for correspondence: <email>jmfebles@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<p><bold>Conflict of interest:</bold> The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Author contributions: Development of field research, statistical analysis, interpretation, structure and design of the manuscript-</bold> José M. Febles González. <bold>Interpretation, statistical analysis and correction of the manuscript-</bold> José Miguel Febles Díaz. <bold>Field data collection and processing</bold>- Ana Maura Santiago. <bold>Analysis of the results</bold> - Alfredo Tolón Becerra; Nelson M. B. do Amaral Sobrinho; Everaldo Zonta.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Studying the relief through morphological analysis allows typifying forms, elements and structures of the karst relief that help in the understanding of the genesis, evolution and dynamics assumed by the erosion of the Red Ferrallitic soils. It is a particularly important circumstance in the Southern karst Plain Havana-Matanzas, to understand how and why certain information is preserved and others are lost as the research is carried out from one scale to another, which has led to certain myths and uncertainties about the degradation processes of these soils. The present work aims to analyze the complex influence of relief and geographic scale on the understanding of karst-erosive processes in the areas of influence of karst depressions from a baseline of more than three decades, which demonstrates the unidirectional advance of karst-erosive dynamics in accordance with the conditions of use and management to which they have been subjected. It is concluded that the recognition and spatio-temporal evolution of erosion forms is only possible at a local scale and not from a simple rescaling of the variables to large areas, in order to avoid different interpretations in the erosion maps of the Red Ferralitic soils in Cuba.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>degradation</kwd>
				<kwd>karst</kwd>
				<kwd>relief</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Soil studies carried out in the South Plain of Havana have shown that the relief and permeability of the supporting material mainly influence the variability of the ferrallitic coverage. If these two factors are evaluated at a larger scale, it is found that the development of karst forms (dolines, , poljes, etc.) and their consequences on the micro-relief create favorable conditions for the differentiated manifestation of erosive processes closely related to the variations of the micro-relief (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this context, scale is an integrating concept widely used in various disciplines to refer to the qualities and geographical extension of the objects of study. Also, to specify some methodological principles of scientific research in relation to the methods of sampling and inference, from which are derived the properties of geographical objects that emerge or are visualized differently according to the level at which they are defined (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>). </p>
				<p>Circumstance particularly important in the Southern Karstic Plain Havana - Matanzas to recognize the specific modalities of the erosion of the Red Ferrallitic soils and to determine how and why certain information is preserved and lost as the investigation is executed from one scale to another. It has propitiated certain myths and uncertainties on the degradation processes of these soils, to which the MINAG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>); CIGEA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>); Soil Institute (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>) and IGT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>), continue to classify them as &quot;not eroded&quot;. It is due to the conceptual generalization imposed by the scales of representation, where it is not possible to handle the concept of extension provided by the object, a situation on which it is imperative to reconsider given the unquestionable edaphological-heritage value of these soils (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>).</p>
				<p>Reflecting on these considerations, taking as a reference research, and published articles that reveal the effects of karst morphogenesis in Red Ferrallitic soils in western Cuba, the present work aims to analyze the complex influence of relief and geographic scale in the understanding of karst-erosive processes in the areas of influence of karst depressions. It is based on a baseline of more than three decades, which demonstrates the unidirectional advance of the karstic-erosive dynamics, in accordance with the conditions of use and management to which the soils have been subjected.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Description of the investigated areas</title>
					<p>The research was carried out in the polje of San José de Las Lajas, Mayabeque province, specifically, in the reference locality Rosafé Signet with an extension of 107 ha (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>), where the karstic-erosive dynamics show different degrees of development in accordance with the conditions of use and management to which the soils have been subjected (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f6">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Transects and sampling sites in &quot;Rosafé Signet&quot; locality of the San José de Las Lajas polje, Mayabeque province</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1819-4087-ctr-45-02-e09-gf6.svg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>This agroecosystem has been classified as one of the most humid of Cuban plains, receiving around 76 - 80 % of the precipitations that occur in Mayabeque and Artemisa provinces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>). The most widespread soils are predominantly of the Ferrallitic Red Leached Type, which can be correlated with the Rhodic Eutric Nitisol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>) and the Oxisol order of the Soil Taxonomy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>), where the type of land use and the distribution of horizons give the differences.</p>
					<p>The methodology was based on the application of the Integrating System of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods for karst regions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>), characterizing the karst depressions and their flooding regimes, as well as four main soil profiles at depths of 0-20 cm, as well as at the level of the erosive diagnostic horizons A+B0-50 cm. All this in correspondence with geological-geomorphological variations and agricultural use (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
					<p>The morphometric analysis of the karst absorption forms (dolines) was carried out at a scale of 1: 5,000 and was constituted the fundamental diagnostic index to evaluate the manifestations and intensity of karstification (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). It should be noted that in 1966, when the &quot;Rosafé Signet&quot; Artificial Insemination Center was created, there was no karst depression in its agricultural production areas.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Formulas used for the calculation of morphometric parameters</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Circularity index</th>
										<th align="center">Flattening index</th>
										<th align="center">Diameter ratio</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">
											<mml:math>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
													<mml:mfrac>
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
															<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
															<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
															<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
															<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														</mml:mrow>
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
															<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
														</mml:mrow>
													</mml:mfrac>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:math>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<mml:math>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
													<mml:mfrac>
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
															<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
															<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
															<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
															<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														</mml:mrow>
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
															<mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
														</mml:mrow>
													</mml:mfrac>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:math>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<mml:math>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
													<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
													<mml:mfrac bevelled="true">
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
															<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														</mml:mrow>
														<mml:mrow>
															<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
															<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
														</mml:mrow>
													</mml:mfrac>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:math>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" colspan="2">Where: <break/>Dm = major diameter <break/>dm = smallest diameter</td>
										<td align="left">DM= average diameter <break/>h = height difference (surface - bottom)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>With the karst depressions identified, the maximum elevations (scarps) and minimum elevations (bottoms) of each depression were recognized. Once the bottoms and scarps of the depressions were marked, they were converted to polygons and, subsequently, an ID was assigned to each scarp, to conserve their height fields within their attributes, according to the proposal of (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>).</p>
					<p>Soil loss values in units of mass (t ha<sup>-1</sup>> y r<sup>-1</sup>), corresponding to the periods 1986 to 2019, were converted into units of length (mm y r<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>). The interpretation of the loss tolerance limits considered were those proposed by the USLE model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>), which provided measurement criteria and changes in the system, from a baseline during the period t0:<sub>1986 - 1996</sub> and subsequent monitoring in the interval t1:<sub>1996 - 2019</sub>.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Historical-evolutionary analysis of morphogenesis in karst depressions</title>
					<p>Studying the relief in long-standing reference localities allows typifying forms, elements and structures of karst depressions in their dynamic evolution. Especially when the research carried out in Cuba has underestimated the specific modalities assumed by the erosion of the Red Ferrallitic soils in these enclaves, which show phenomena not susceptible to be mapped or practically absent at scales of greater magnitude.</p>
					<p>However, during each heavy rainfall, rainwater and surface irrigation water, usually carrying a certain content of carbon dioxide in solution, when they run off through the different elements of the meso- and microrelief (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>). They do so in a diffuse way, directed towards the karst depressions because of the obvious concavity of the slopes, as well as the marked horizontal dismemberment of the territory, where the absorption forms and their component elements sequentially gain in magnitude, gradually exerting greater control over surface runoff.</p>
					<p>Indeed, the sustained increase in the morphometric dimensions of  dolines from the baseline t0:1986-1996 and subsequent monitoring during the period t1:1996-2019 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">xTable 2</xref>), confirm that an erosive process or modality inherent to the Red Ferrallitic soils is developing, whose most evident manifestations are the amplitude of their average dimensions at the reduction  expense  of interfluvial spaces (t0: 1986-1996: 27.80 % and t1:1996-2019: 30.77 % of the total agricultural area), as the emergence of other absorption forms detected in several exploration stages, which demonstrates the irreversible advance of karstification in its unidirectional evolution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Volume of losses of the Red Ferrallitic soils with the equivalence values of surface removal in the karst depressions and their areas of influence. Rosafé Signet&quot; locality, Mayabeque province</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col span="8"/>
									<col span="2"/>
									<col span="2"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" rowspan="3"> Doline No.</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="8">Baseline/Monitoring t0:<sub>1986-1996</sub>/t1:<sub>1996-2019</sub></th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Baseline t0:<sub>1986-1996</sub></th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Monitoring t1:<sub>1996-2019</sub></th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Area </th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">IC </th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">IA </th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">RD </th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Volumen (t ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Superficial (mm year<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Volumen (t ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Superficial (mm year<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">(ha) </th>
										<th align="center" colspan="6">(m<sup>2</sup>) </th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>	
									<tr>
										<td align="center" colspan="13">
											<p>
												<list list-type="bullet">
													<list-item>
														<p>LOCALITY «ROSAFÉ SIGNET»</p>
													</list-item>
												</list>
											</p>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>1</bold></td>
										<td align="left">1.90</td>
										<td align="left">2.26</td>
										<td align="left">1.70</td>
										<td align="left">1.72</td>
										<td align="left">8.65</td>
										<td align="left">8.57</td>
										<td align="left">6.50</td>
										<td align="left">5.66</td>
										<td align="left">16.89 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.24 A</td>
										<td align="left">17.87 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.30 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>2</bold></td>
										<td align="left">1.13</td>
										<td align="left">1.33</td>
										<td align="left">1.74</td>
										<td align="left">1.47</td>
										<td align="left">8.51</td>
										<td align="left">6.12</td>
										<td align="left">9.01</td>
										<td align="left">6.96</td>
										<td align="left">17.27 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.29 A</td>
										<td align="left">20.16 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.46 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>3</bold></td>
										<td align="left">3.53</td>
										<td align="left">3.91</td>
										<td align="left">1.52</td>
										<td align="left">1.36</td>
										<td align="left">5.65</td>
										<td align="left">5.40</td>
										<td align="left">14.84</td>
										<td align="left">9.82</td>
										<td align="left">21.74 MA</td>
										<td align="left">1.59 MA</td>
										<td align="left">23.63 MA</td>
										<td align="left">1.74 MA</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>4</bold></td>
										<td align="left">1.90</td>
										<td align="left">2.30</td>
										<td align="left">1.73</td>
										<td align="left">1.55</td>
										<td align="left">14.08</td>
										<td align="left">9.86</td>
										<td align="left">9.19</td>
										<td align="left">6.87</td>
										<td align="left">14.55 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.06 A</td>
										<td align="left">14.65 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.09 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>5</bold></td>
										<td align="left">2.91</td>
										<td align="left">3.44</td>
										<td align="left">1.37</td>
										<td align="left">1.13</td>
										<td align="left">11.74</td>
										<td align="left">8.89</td>
										<td align="left">30.90</td>
										<td align="left">22.17</td>
										<td align="left">9.18 T</td>
										<td align="left">0.67 T</td>
										<td align="left">11.99 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.88 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>6</bold></td>
										<td align="left">1.37</td>
										<td align="left">1.74</td>
										<td align="left">1.54</td>
										<td align="left">1.33</td>
										<td align="left">13.07</td>
										<td align="left">11.80</td>
										<td align="left">14.07</td>
										<td align="left">10.61</td>
										<td align="left">9.56 T</td>
										<td align="left">0.70 T</td>
										<td align="left">10.72 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.79 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>7</bold></td>
										<td align="left">2.28</td>
										<td align="left">2.73</td>
										<td align="left">1.29</td>
										<td align="left">1.04</td>
										<td align="left">7.39</td>
										<td align="left">7.82</td>
										<td align="left">105.5</td>
										<td align="left">76.51</td>
										<td align="left">13.91 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.02 A</td>
										<td align="left">12.43 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.89 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>8</bold></td>
										<td align="left">2.45</td>
										<td align="left">2.80</td>
										<td align="left">1.74</td>
										<td align="left">1.56</td>
										<td align="left">13.41</td>
										<td align="left">11.17</td>
										<td align="left">9.11</td>
										<td align="left">6.82</td>
										<td align="left">11.03 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.80 A</td>
										<td align="left">12.69 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.93 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>9</bold></td>
										<td align="left">1.30</td>
										<td align="left">1.57</td>
										<td align="left">1.33</td>
										<td align="left">1.12</td>
										<td align="left">13.52</td>
										<td align="left">10.18</td>
										<td align="left">46.93</td>
										<td align="left">28.20</td>
										<td align="left">9.58 T</td>
										<td align="left">0.70 T</td>
										<td align="left">10.87 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.80 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>10</bold></td>
										<td align="left">1.50</td>
										<td align="left">1.96</td>
										<td align="left">1.38</td>
										<td align="left">1.28</td>
										<td align="left">9.67</td>
										<td align="left">9.66</td>
										<td align="left">29.66</td>
										<td align="left">21.23</td>
										<td align="left">11.12 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.81 A</td>
										<td align="left">12.55 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.91 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>11</bold></td>
										<td align="left">3.08</td>
										<td align="left">3.53</td>
										<td align="left">1.98</td>
										<td align="left">1.85</td>
										<td align="left">9.66</td>
										<td align="left">8.96</td>
										<td align="left">6.71</td>
										<td align="left">5.17</td>
										<td align="left">18.15 MA</td>
										<td align="left">1.33ª</td>
										<td align="left">19.70 MA</td>
										<td align="left">1.43 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>12</bold></td>
										<td align="left">1.43</td>
										<td align="left">2.23</td>
										<td align="left">1.34</td>
										<td align="left">1.15</td>
										<td align="left">7.91</td>
										<td align="left">8.20</td>
										<td align="left">66.00</td>
										<td align="left">32.08</td>
										<td align="left">13.06 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.95 A</td>
										<td align="left">14.75 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.12 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>13</bold></td>
										<td align="left">1.27</td>
										<td align="left">1.51</td>
										<td align="left">1.83</td>
										<td align="left">1.66</td>
										<td align="left">8.99</td>
										<td align="left">8.19</td>
										<td align="left">8.00</td>
										<td align="left">6.03</td>
										<td align="left">17.39 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.27 A</td>
										<td align="left">18.91 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.39 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>14</bold></td>
										<td align="left">1.88</td>
										<td align="left">2.19</td>
										<td align="left">1.66</td>
										<td align="left">1.18</td>
										<td align="left">10.26</td>
										<td align="left">8.58</td>
										<td align="left">22.70</td>
										<td align="left">17.92</td>
										<td align="left">10.95 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.80 T</td>
										<td align="left">13.52 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.99 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>Media</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>1.99</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>2.39</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>1.58</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>1.38</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>10.18</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>8.49</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>27.08</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>17.26</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>12. 89 A</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>0.97 A</bold></td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" colspan="13">
											<p>
												<list list-type="bullet">
													<list-item>
														<p> DOLINES DETECTED DURING THE MONITORING OF 1996 </p>
													</list-item>
												</list>
											</p>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>15</bold></td>
										<td align="left"> ---- </td>
										<td align="left">0.89</td>
										<td align="left"> ---- </td>
										<td align="left">1.26</td>
										<td align="left">----</td>
										<td align="left">8.53</td>
										<td align="left">----</td>
										<td align="left">12.88</td>
										<td align="left">------ </td>
										<td align="left">0.49 T</td>
										<td align="left">14.53 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.39 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>16</bold></td>
										<td align="left"> ---- </td>
										<td align="left">0.93</td>
										<td align="left"> ---- </td>
										<td align="left">1.52</td>
										<td align="left">----</td>
										<td align="left">3.87</td>
										<td align="left">----</td>
										<td align="left">7.17</td>
										<td align="left">------ </td>
										<td align="left">0.76 T</td>
										<td align="left">15.55 A</td>
										<td align="left">1.97 MA</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>Media</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>----</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>0.91</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>----</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>1.39</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>----</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>6.2</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>---</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>10.02</bold></td>
										<td align="left"> ------ </td>
										<td align="left"> ----</td>
										<td align="left"><bold>15.28 A</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>1.19 A</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" colspan="13">
											<p>
												<list list-type="bullet">
													<list-item>
														<p> DOLINES DETECTED DURING THE MONITORING OF THE YEAR 2019 </p>
													</list-item>
												</list>
											</p>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>17</bold></td>
										<td align="left">---- </td>
										<td align="left">0.65</td>
										<td align="left">---- </td>
										<td align="left">1.70</td>
										<td align="left">---</td>
										<td align="left">8.17</td>
										<td align="left">---</td>
										<td align="left">5.45</td>
										<td align="left" colspan="2">-------------- </td>
										<td align="left">8.23 T</td>
										<td align="left">0.38 T</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>18</bold></td>
										<td align="left">---- </td>
										<td align="left">0.90</td>
										<td align="left">---- </td>
										<td align="left">1.49</td>
										<td align="left">---</td>
										<td align="left">7.23</td>
										<td align="left">---</td>
										<td align="left">8.01</td>
										<td align="left" colspan="2">-------------- </td>
										<td align="left">9.05 T</td>
										<td align="left">0.41 T</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>19</bold></td>
										<td align="left">---- </td>
										<td align="left">0.54</td>
										<td align="left">---- </td>
										<td align="left">1.33</td>
										<td align="left">---</td>
										<td align="left">9.48</td>
										<td align="left">---</td>
										<td align="left">15.67</td>
										<td align="left" colspan="2">-------------- </td>
										<td align="left">10.69 A</td>
										<td align="left">0.63 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>20</bold></td>
										<td align="left">---- </td>
										<td align="left">0.64</td>
										<td align="left">---- </td>
										<td align="left">1.29</td>
										<td align="left">---</td>
										<td align="left">7.66</td>
										<td align="left">---</td>
										<td align="left">9.28</td>
										<td align="left" colspan="2">-------------- </td>
										<td align="left">8.97 T</td>
										<td align="left">0.46 T</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>21</bold></td>
										<td align="left">---- </td>
										<td align="left">0.45</td>
										<td align="left">---- </td>
										<td align="left">1.44</td>
										<td align="left">---</td>
										<td align="left">6.65</td>
										<td align="left">---</td>
										<td align="left">7.73</td>
										<td align="left" colspan="2">-------------- </td>
										<td align="left">9.45 T</td>
										<td align="left">0.74 T</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>Media</bold></td>
										<td align="left"> ---- </td>
										<td align="left"><bold>0.64</bold></td>
										<td align="left"> 
 </td>
										<td align="left"><bold>1.45</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>----</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>7.84</bold></td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"><bold>9.23</bold></td>
										<td align="left" colspan="2"> --------------</td>
										<td align="left"><bold>9.28 T</bold></td>
										<td align="left"><bold>0.52 T</bold></td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2">
									<p>L.B. (Línea base t0:<sub>1986- 1996</sub>); M (Monitoreo t1:<sub>1996- 2019</sub>). A: Alto; MA: Muy alto y T: Tolerable L.B. (Baseline t0:<sub>1986- 1996</sub>); M (Monitoring t1:<sub>1996- 2019</sub>). A: High; MA: Very high and T: Tolerable.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Complementarily, the sequential evolution of the morphometric parameters leads to increases in soil loss volumes, mainly in the wash collector type slopes with slope values between 5 and 8 %. They facilitate areal runoff through epigean absorption forms, mainly dolines and uvalas that tend to acquire ellipsoid or amoeboid forms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>), where the magnitudes of soil losses exceed the tolerance threshold values of 12.5 t ha<sup>-1</sup> y r <sup>-1</sup>, which is the maximum acceptable value proposed by the USLE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>). Accordingly, in the period t0(1986-1996) 51.14 % of dolines exceeded this threshold value, which increased during t1(1996-2019) to reach 87.5 % of the dolines, a dynamic that corroborates the observations in similar regions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>). </p>
					<p>In contrast, in some cases the ferrallitic soil cover can model by accumulation these depressions with a red clay, called &quot;<italic>terrarossa</italic>&quot;, which masks in a certain way the related mechanism of action. It has caused, largely, the undervaluation of this complex process, which is only possible to notice <italic>in situ</italic> and cartographically when it is represented at local scale, because as it is known, each investigation is carried out at a certain scale and its results cannot be valued without considering the adopted scale of analysis.</p>
					<p>All this confirms the importance of long-term studies in karst ecosystems, since the transformations of landforms are complex and cannot be fully assessed in the short term, which has led to erroneous conclusions and inaccurate predictions in decision making for the management of Red Ferrallitic soils (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>).</p>
					<p>Sometimes, this maturity phase of karst morphogenesis has been favorable for the partial enlargement of some dolines under a process of capture or fluvial piracy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>). There the most favored depression, either by the shape of the slopes in its contours or the width of its micro-basin, manages to widen by the regressive or remontant erosion of its headwaters at the expense of the less favored one, which can originate an uvala.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f7">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Fluvial catch in the western sector of the &quot;Rosafé Signet&quot; locality, Mayabeque province, Cuba</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1819-4087-ctr-45-02-e09-gf7.svg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>This advance in karstification intensifies the conditions of hydromorphism and dissolution of the underlying materials with an uneven temporal seepage and with a strong effective porosity (between 5 and 15 %). It is demonstrated morphometrically by the decrease in depth (up to 5.34 m) and increase in karstification, as has occurred with dolines No. 2 and 3 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>), where the latter, with a microbasin of greater receiving capacity decapitates or strips the head of runoff from doline No. 2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f8">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Union trend of two sinkholes to originate an uvala in the locality &quot;Rosafé Signet&quot;, Mayabeque province, Cuba</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1819-4087-ctr-45-02-e09-gf8.svg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Similar dynamics can be expected with dolines 10 and 11 in a future scenario, generating different associations or miniaturization phenomena in the territorial complex itself at the micro and nano relief level, inducing &quot;dolinization&quot; (with a marked tendency towards endorheism). This process is due to the effect of management practices, changes in the use of soil cover, extreme hydrometeorological events associated with climate change and the karst process can reach its paroxysmal phase with a substantial reduction of the agroecosystem's useful land base, which coincides with the results obtained by (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>) in similar regions.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f9">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Union trend of two sinkholes to originate an uvala in the locality &quot;Rosafé Signet&quot;, Mayabeque province, Cuba</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1819-4087-ctr-45-02-e09-gf9.svg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>However, this morphodynamics may be modified by the peculiarities that characterize the development and maintenance of the slopes (slope, length and shape), the lithological structure regularity, as well as by the diffuse drainage lines that show the sectors that descend towards the karst absorption forms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>), with outcrops of fragmented subangular limestone oriented towards these depressions. In this, the hydrophilic vegetation is located at levels below 50 m in the bottoms of the sinkholes, etc., which constitute, at first sight, features of a degradative process in full development, which at micro-relief level can adopt their own modalities, influencing soil losses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>).</p>
					<p>It is necessary to indicate that the relationship between doline area and morphometric parameters is not a <italic>sine qua non</italic> condition for the analysis of soil losses, since this relationship is highly dependent on the degree of irregularity of the contours of the absorption forms and conditions of use of the soil cover, in the same space over time (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>The geographic scale as an integrating concept in the understanding of karstic-erosive processes</title>
					<p>Taking these aspects into consideration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>) it is necessary to incorporate the local scale as a resolution level associated with a specific and physically delimitable area to differentiate at the meso-, micro- and nano-relief level the set of processes that simultaneously participate in the formation or degradation of Red Ferrallitic soils. Also, to understand how water and karst-erosion manifestations are generated or expressed differently as one moves from one scale to another (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>). Thus contributing to a better understanding of the spatio-temporal dynamics that take place in the depressions and their areas of influence, since these areas are characterized by being part of a whole that contains it and is much broader.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f10">
							<label>Figure 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>The cartographic perception of the doline and area of influence depends on its surface</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1819-4087-ctr-45-02-e09-gf10.svg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>It is important to keep in mind that this suggests problems at the level of analysis or synthesis, since they are limited or are biased by the cartographic scale that represents the phenomenon. Thus denying the possibility of perceiving what happens at higher or lower scales, significantly affecting the analysis and explanation of the karst-erosive phenomenon.</p>
					<p>&quot;Rosafé Signet&quot; center authorities, aware of the progressive advance of the karstic depressions and, in an attempt to recover the land bottom destined to the cultivation of pastures for fodder. It dumped in sinkhole No. 3 in 2003, 20 trucks with a capacity between 5 - 7 t, which represented a volume of more than 100 t (E. Lamoroux, <italic>commun</italic>. <italic>pers.</italic>). It is to be noted that in the executive phase of the investigation it was found that the doline was not refilled, and that the process of dissolution through the ponor continues. Therefore, this practice was not at all effective from the environmental point of view, because it obstructed the drainage ways through which the runoff takes place (functional ponors). Nor was it effective from an economic point of view.</p>
					<p>However, the presence of sinkholes is often not considered a problem for the prevention of soil loss and other natural disasters, since these forms are usually relegated in terms of geological risks. Even their environment of influence is close to urban centers, agricultural or industrial areas, which can alter the initial conditions of the pedogenesis-morphogenesis balance, where the preservation of the karst landscape should be a priority, hence the importance of scale to explain correctly these geographic phenomena.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>The recognition and spatio-temporal evolution of the forms of water erosion and karst-erosion in the areas of influence of karst depressions is only possible at a local scale and not from a simple rescaling of the variables to large areas, in order to avoid different interpretations in the erosion maps of the Ferrallitic Red soils in Cuba.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Whatever the concept adopted, the relativity in the vision of the same fact, from different scales, constitutes an extremely enriching option to demonstrate definitively the erosion of Red Ferrallitic soils in karst regions.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>