Mycorrhizae and rhizobia: a molecular dialogue with the plant host
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Abstract
Rhizobia (Rhs) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are soil microsymbionts associated with crop roots. For Rhs most of them are legumes and for AMF there is a wider host range; however, there are crops that develop colonization by both symbionts. In any of the symbiotic relationships, crops receive benefits when colonized by these microorganisms are varied and contribute to the use of alternatives for sustainable agriculture. The mechanism by which both symbionts penetrate their plant host has been studied at the molecular level and common genes have been identified, as well as the pathways in which they are involved. Some of these genes are related to the reception of the signal mediated by Nod factors in the case of Rhs and by Myc factors in the case of AMF, others are related to the penetration mechanism and finally to the route by which the symbiont and the plant communicate. In the present review, a list of studies concerning microsymbionts, at the level of pre-colonization, colonization and shared mechanism is made. A proposal of possible common candidate genes for Rhs and AMF to apply genetic engineering is presented, in such a way that a research field called: gene optimization is explored. Because of the similarity by which these symbionts penetrate their host and the potential for genetic modification that this implies, a close molecular, metabolic and physiological relationship is described.
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